Table of Contents

Formulas and Functions

A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.

Cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell A1.

Formula in Excel

Cell A3 below contains the SUM function which calculates the sum of the range A1:A2.

Function in Excel

Enter a Formula

To enter a formula execute the following steps.

1. Select a cell.

2. To let Excel know that you want to enter a formula type an equal sign (=).

3. For example type the formula A1+A2.

Enter a Formula

Tip: instead of typing A1 and A2 simply select cell A1 and cell A2.

4. Change the value of cell A1 to 3.

Recalculation

Excel automatically recalculates the value of cell A3. This is one of Excel’s most powerful features!

Edit a Formula

When you select a cell Excel shows the value or formula of the cell in the formula bar.

Formula Bar

1. To edit a formula click in the formula bar and change the formula.

Edit a Formula in Excel

2. Press Enter.

Edited Formula

Operator Precedence

Excel uses a default order in which calculations occur. If a part of the formula is in parentheses that part will be calculated first. It then performs multiplication or division calculations. Once this is complete Excel will add and subtract the remainder of your formula. See the example below.

Operator Precedence

First Excel performs multiplication (A1 * A2). Next Excel adds the value of cell A3 to this result.

Another example

Parentheses

First Excel calculates the part in parentheses (A2+A3). Next it multiplies this result by the value of cell A1.

Copy/Paste a Formula

When you copy a formula Excel automatically adjusts the cell references for each new cell the formula is copied to. To understand this execute the following steps.

1. Enter the formula shown below into cell A4.

Copy a Formula Example

2a. Select cell A4 right click and then click Copy (or press CTRL + c)…

Click on Copy

…next select cell B4 right click and then click Paste under ‘Paste Options:’ (or press CTRL + v).

Click on Paste

2b. You can also drag the formula to cell B4. Select cell A4 click on the lower right corner of cell A4 and drag it across to cell B4. This is much easier and gives the exact same result!

Drag an Excel Formula

Result: the formula in cell B4 references the values in column B.

Copy a Formula Result

Insert Function

Every function has the same structure. For example SUM(A1:A4). The name of this function is SUM. The part between the brackets (arguments) means we give Excel the range A1:A4 as input. This function adds the values in cells A1 A2 A3 and A4. It’s not easy to remember which function and which arguments to use for each task. Fortunately the Insert Function feature in Excel helps you with this.

To insert a function execute the following steps.

1. Select a cell.

2. Click the Insert Function button.

Insert a Function

The ‘Insert Function’ dialog box appears.

3. Search for a function or select a function from a category. For example choose COUNTIF from the Statistical category.

Insert Function Dialog Box

4. Click OK.

The ‘Function Arguments’ dialog box appears.

5. Click in the Range box and select the range A1:C2.

6. Click in the Criteria box and type >5.

7. Click OK.

Function Arguments Dialog Box

Result: the COUNTIF function counts the number of cells that are greater than 5.

COUNTIF Result

Note: instead of using the Insert Function feature simply type =COUNTIF(A1:C2″>5″). When you arrive at: =COUNTIF( instead of typing A1:C2 simply select the range A1:C2.

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